Measuring instrument



Oct. 5, 1943. B. H. SMITH ETAL MEASURING INSTRUMENT Filed May 10 Mm mbm 25 mi wmm m 1 a mm Na WITNESSES:

Patented Oct .75 I943 MEASURING INSTRUBEQNTh Benjamin H. Smith, Bloomfield; and William M. Bradshaw, Summit, N'. J.',' assignors toWest-- inghouse Electrio&Manufacturing Company, 7 -East-littsburgh -Pa-ua corporation ot lennsyli e Vania n mi amiie ua c, 1941;Serial ew ,1.

. 12 Claims. (01.171434):

This invention relates Ito, measuring instruments and it has particularrrelation to'measu ing instruments for measuring the load factor of electrical circuits.

. 3 Numerous measuring instruments are available for measuring purposes. For example; in-' stantaneous indicating instruments, integrating instruments and recording instruments are extensively employed for measuring'variablle 'quantities. Although such instrumentsare extremely useful, in certain cases they fail to provide a complete picture of the desired conditions or demand. This may be illustrated by reference tothe practice of measuring energy consumption in an electrical circuit.-

Load requirements and charges for electrical energy are most commonlyvbased on watthour meter measurements. Such measurements provide a record of the total energy consumption in an electrical circuit between meter readings.

The'information conveyedby the watthour-meter, however, in some cases fails. to depict fully the load requirementsfor an electrical circuit. For example, assume that two consumers. of electrical energy use the same amount of electrical energy over a'billing period. If oneconsumer has extremely high peaks, during which electrical energy is consumed; atv ahigh, rate for short periods, the generating capacity and-distribution system must be suflicientlylarge tosupply the large, amount of energy during the short peak periods of use. In such cases it is inequitable to charge such a consumer atthe same rate ofiered tto 'the consumer who uses the same total amount of electrical energy at a uniform ,r 't -g Th generating capacity and; distribution systemv for the latter consumermayabe considerablysmaller.

To care for this situation; it is the practice" to employ maximum demand -meters for determining the maximum energy demand 01 58, consumer overa short demand-interval such as fifteen or thirty minutes. The additionalinformationprovided by the maximum demand. readings assists in determining the required generating and distribution' capacities, and in applying a more equitable rate structure to the various consumers of electrical energy.- I

However, the information provided still-is deflv cient; This may be illustrated by considering thecases of two consumers of electrical energy I who consume the same total amount of electrical energy over a billing period, and :wholi'ave the same maximum demand peakssjjlf one of the consumers consumes his electrical ener'gy" retcqiiir m n sigv hm"9 11t a varied in he a six hours, whereas the, other lc'onsumer spreads his electrical energy requirement over i'a' longer period such as twenty-four hours, thef 'g enei'ating V and distribution capacities may be difierently af fected byZth'e two consu ers;i-rher roreimore completeiin formation concerning electrical enerjgy requirements isjdesirable 1 If] Z fln accordancewith the invention; a measuring device is 'providd for measur ng a relationship between therequirement fora variable quantity, 1

suchas electrical energy, over a short interval, and the requirement over a long'er interval. [As a more specific example, the measuring device may measure the ratio ofelectrical ,enei gyre}-' quired over a short interval of iifteeri thirty minutes. to the,energy requirement for along interval of one day Sucha ratiol' may' pe er gr' c.

o a a oa a or 'It is there ore anobject o: the invention to provide a measuring deviee .iorimeasuring fthe requirement of a Variable quantity over difierent intervals. p I 9 his a further tity'overI different intervals-of time.

It is a still further object oi the invention to i i provide 2a measuring deviceior measuring the ratio; of energy demand; for 'a short interval to energy dmand'for alonginterval.

It iseanother, object of the invention to provide a measuring device for measuring the load factor of an electrical circuit.

Other objects of the inventionwill heap 'arh from; the following description taken in-jcon- I junction with i th accompanying drawing yin WhiChIf 1: 'f j A Figure .1 is a schematic viewcin perspective of asm'eas'uring 'deviceembodyin'g the invention, and Fig. '2 is a view'in perspectivewith parts brokenaway of a measuringdevice suitable tor the systempf Fig.':l. 7 1 t l Referring to the drawingFig; 1 shows an electrical circuit"! for supplying, electrical energy to "aloa'd, -'Ihis circuit may vary "appreciably in construct on; but 'ror'" thef'purpose of discussion,

t will be ass umed that'thef circuit l- 'is-a jsing-lephase? alternating current circuit, and thatit I is desired to measure a variable quantity in thfe circuitisuch as electricalf ie'ner'gyk For this pur- 'pose,"twomeasuring'units! and Marc connected to the circuit l for energization therefrom. These measuring units may be provided with pointers 3 and 3djfor indicating on suitable scales land la Q object of the invention to pro vide a measuring device for measuring a relation- I ship between the demands fora variable quanthe quantities measured by the associated measuring units.

Let it be assumed first that the measuring unit 2 is of the instantaneous indicating type such as a wattmeter, whereas the measuring unit is of the integrating type such as a watt-hour meter. If the readingof the watt-hour meter is taken at the beginning and end of a day, the total energy consumed for the day may be ascertained. If the reading of the wattmeter is taken at the end of the day, the instantaneous energy flow or power is found. The ratio of the wattmeter reading to the total electrical energy. consumed during the day may be termed theinstantaneous load factor for the end of the day.

The instantaneous wattmeter reading generally is not the most desirable reading of energy flow in an electrical distribution circuit. This is for the reason that such a circuit and the associated generator capacity have so much thermal and mechanical inertia that excessive instantaneous power values have no appreciable harmful effects thereon. For this reason itis preferable thatthe readings of electrical energy consumption be taken over a short interval such as fifteen -or thirty minutes. A sustained high electrical energy consumption for'such an interval may result in substantial heating of the distribution circuit and its associated generator ca- 'pacity,

For these reasons let it be assumed that the measuring unit 2 is a maximum demand measuring unit suchas the block interval maximum demand unit disclosed in the Lewis et a1. Patent 2,047,376 which is as'signed to the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. With such a measuring unit, the pointer 3 indicates the maximum demand for a predetermined interval such as fifteen or thirty minutes. If, at the end of the day, the reading of the pointer 3 is divided by the total energy consumption for the day as measured by the measuring unit 2a, the resulting ratio may be regarded as the load factor for the day.

A more continuous record of load factor may be obtained by recourse to mechanism of the time lagged type; Let it be assumed that the measuring units 2 and 2a are instruments of the time lagged type disclosed, for exam-plain the Smith Patents 1,417,695 or 2,003,016, both of which are assigned to the Westinghouse Electric 8: Manufacturing Company; These patents show, respectively, time lagged units of thethermal and mechanical types. Let it be assumed further that the pointers-3 and 3a of the measuring units 2 and 2a. are the pusher arms of the time lagged units rather than the conventional frictionally held pointers. If .the measuring unit 2 is given a short interval, such as-fifteen or thirty minutes,-whereas the measuring ,unit 2a is given a long interval, such as twenty-four hours, the pointers 3 and 3a indicate, respectively, at any time the readings for the immediately preceding demand intervals. Inother words, at any instant the pointer 3 provides the de- ,mand for the immediately preceding fifteen or thirty-minute interval whereas the pointer 3 a provides the demand for the preceding one day interval. Consequently, the ratio of the readings of the pusher 3 and 3a may be taken at, any

time to provide a continuousrecord of load fac- Tofacilitate reading operations the shafts '5 device 5 for arithmetically combining the rotations of the two shafts. The resultant obtained by the calculating device 6 may be indicated on a suitable scale I by a pointer 8. If desired, frictionally held pointers 8a and 8b may be positioned for actuation by the pointer 8 to show the maximum and minimum deflections oi the pointer 8. The construction of maximum and minimum pointers is well known. In addition, a pen 9 of conventional construction may be providedfor leaving a permanent record on a moving paper web or chart it. From this brief description, it will be understood that the pointer 8 and the'pen 9 at any. instant indicate the load factor for the preceding short interval of fifteen or thirty minutes duration compared to the long interval of one day as represented by rotation 01' the shafts 5 and. 5a. A suitable construction for themeasurirg units 2 and 2a and the calculating device 6 is shown in detail in Fig. 2.

Referring to Fig. 2, a pair of shafts ii and Ho are shown which correspond to the shafts 5 and 5a of Fig. 1, Rotationso'f the shafts H and Ha are controlled, respectively, by measuring units I2, and l2a which correspond, respectively, to the measuring units 2 and 2a ofF-ig; 1. Rotations of the shafts -H and Na are arithmetically combined by a calculating device 13 which corresponds to thec'alculating'device 6 of Fig. l.

The measuring unit 12 includes a cam ll which is fixedto the shaft *II and which carries rotatably mounted thereon a planet gear (5. The planet gear 15 meshes with two sun gears l6 and I! which are rotatably mounted on the shaft H. It will be noted by inspection of Fig.

, 2 that the planet gear l5 and the sun gears 16 and i! cooperate to form a differential gearing.

The sun gear l6"is driven from a constant speed source such as a synchronous motor 4B through avariable speed transmissi'oh having a driven drum l9 and a'drivin'g'dis'k n. Coupling of the disk 20 to the drum "I9 is effected by means "of a coupling ball 2| which rests on the drum E9 in engagement with'the face of'the disk 20. This jball 2| is'u'rged againstthe cam [4 many suitable manneras by proper inclination of the axis of the drum I9.

Rotation of the disk 20 from the motor I! may be effected through suitable gearing such as acrown gear--22 carried by the disk 20, a

pinion 23 which engages the crown gear '22, a gearf24 which is fixed with the pinion 23 to a 'commonshaft 25, and-'a-pinion 26 carriedby the shaft of the motor f8.

For coupling the drum l9to the sun gear [6, a.

'worm gear 21 may be attach'edby means of a sleeve "to the'sun gear 16 for rotation there- I9. I Consequently, the sun gear [6 is which depends upon the-position of the ball 21 'relati've-tothe disk2l. If the ball e'nga'ges the *center'ofthe 'di'sk iil, no motion is imparted to and 5a may e cou led by asuitable calculatin sun gear it through the drum 1'9 and the'gears "21 and 2-9.

The sun gear H is connected for-rotationih accordance with a variablequantity to'be measured. For example,- a variable quantity may be me'asuredby a, suitable measuring instrument such as 'a kilovoltampere hour meter; an ampereJ-h'our meter, or a watt+hourmeter depending upon the particular quantityto'be' measured.

asst-@41 3 For purposes of illustration, it may be assumed that the sun gear I! is driven-from'ia watt hourmeter represented by a conventional watt-hour meter armature 3I. To this end the sun -gear II' may be connected by means of a' sleeve' 32 to a gear 33 which meshes with 'anidler gear 34. The idler gear 34, in turn; meshes with a worm 35which is carried by ashaft 36. "A- gear '3T on the shaft 36 meshes with a pimonea on the shaft of the watt-hour meter 3I.'-"Byinspection of- Fig. 2 it will be observedthat the sun gear I'I rotates in accordance with rotation-of the;

I4 are actuated to move the ball 2l relative to the disk 20, until the sun gear I6 reaches the' same rate of rotation as 'fthat of the sun gear.

H. The rate at which therotationfof the 'sun gear I6 approaches the rate of rotation of the sun gear II depends upon the proportions of the various parts. As well understood-fin the art,-the rate of deflection of thecain -I4 is' ari exponential or logarithmical function with-reference to time. By definitionythedemand interval' of a measuring unit such as unit marl-111g. 2 is taken as the time required for 'the 'cam to reach 90% of its maximum defiection' when the sun gear I! changes-from a rate of rotation equal to that of the sun gear I6 to' a'- new and constant rate of rotation. .A more complete description ofthe unit I 2 may befoundby :reference to the aforesaid Smith' Patent2,003,016?

If the unit I2 is designed-fora thirty-minute interval, then, at any instant, the positionof the cam I4 and the position of the shaft 'I'I 'represent the demand for the immediately'preceding thirty minute interval.

1 Themeasuring instrument- I2ais similarto the measuring unit. 'I 2 and corresponding parts: are designated by the same reference charactersem= ployed for the "measuring unit 12 to which are I added the identifying, letter at .It willbeobeserved that the gear 22azwhich is attached to the disk 20:]. of'the unit I2a isdrive'n from the gear 24-through a crown gear 39 which mesheswith the gear 24 and which is carried* by a shaft 40. A worm 4| attached to the shaft 40 engages'the gear 22a for driving the disk 20a.--=

If desired,.the sun gear'HITIaiof the unit lla may be driven from a separate measuring instrument, but'for convenience; the sun gearlIIa'is illustrated as driven from the same watt-hour meter armature 3|. For thispurpo'se -the 'g'eai' 33a of the unit I2a-is coupled ta a gear 42 mounted on the sleeve 32. The gear 42 engages a crown gear 43 which is carried by a" shaft 44. The shaft 44 also carries -a worm 45 which 'en-' gages the gear33a' for driving the sunigeari:'IIai ame; Tneiqganthmic gears and llf drive'; respectively; the 'sun gea'rs' or wheels 5 I and-'52 of gams which engages at ope'r aung logarithmicf a differential gearing 53.**For-this purpose the i sun-gear 5I and'the logarithmicgear-M may be" mounted on a common sleeve 54-whichis rotat ably mounted on a' shaft 55$ Similarly, the log arithmic-gea'r 50:1and the sun gear 52 may -be mounted'on a s1eeve 56whichi 'rotatably carried by' 'the'sh'aft 55.} The difierential gearing 53 also includes a planet gear 51-whicheng'agesthe sun gears 5 I and 52"and which is rotatably' mounted ona gear58=which is carried bythe shaft 55; -Because of the logarithmic gearing, the-sun gear 52 rotates in accordance -'with a" logarithmic function of therotation ofthe shaftI Iafand the sun gear-5l"rotates in accordance with a: log arithmic function of rotation of the shaft lli Depending upon the design of' the' "gearing,' the gear 531s actuated in'accordan'ce withone-half I V I i the "sum or difference ofthe rotations of the sun" gears 52 and 5|, or in' accordance with-one halr the suinor difference of thelogarithmic funce tions bf 'the rotations of thef'shafts- I I and: Hal} From 'well known logarithmic relationshipsit followsthat the 'resultantrotation of thegear 58 is in accordance withone-half the logarithm of the product or ratioof the rotations of the shafts II or Ila. In accordance with a preferred enr-z. bodimentof the invention, the gearing 'i's designed to provide a 'rotationof the gear-58 which is proportional to one-half the logarithm of th ratio ofrotations of the shafts I I and I I a;'{

-' 'From the foregoing discu's'sionyit is: apparent that the position of thegear 58 at any instant represents a function of the ratio of the rotations of theshaft's I I and IIa. Consequently, a scale associated with'the gear 58 may be calibrated: to read directly the; desired ratio. If desired the movement of the gear 58 may be'ampli'fied by coupling thereto an additional gear 59. If'the gear 59 has"one-halfthe teeth provided inthe gear 58, the rotation or the gear 59 is proportional directly tothe logarithm of the ratio ofithe rota v tions'of the shafts II and Il'aj-zz'that is, th factor one-'half 'is eliminated by the addition of the-gear j 59. "F'urthermore, if it is desired to eliminateithe logarithmic scale'required by the gear 59 or"58'. 1

an additional pair of logarithmic gears. 60 and 6| ln'iay be'provided; The gear BI is connected to the" L 2 2 "gear 59 by means of a suitable shaft 62'. The'lo'g' arithmic'gear 60 may 'carry a shaft6 3 to which a pointer 64 is affixed for indicating on a suitable scale 65"the desired load factor.

'Atany instant the position of the pointer 5401i 1 the'scale 65 indicates the ratio of the loadfor the preceding thirty-minute interval;as measured'b'y the unit I 2, to the loa'd for the preceding twentyfourhour intervaLas measured' bythe unit Ila...

Although thewinvention has' been described with reference 'to' certain -specific' embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is susceptible tonumerou's modifications. There- I fore, the invention is to be restricted only by the appended claims. I V

We claim" as ourinventiOn:

1 .1 In ameasuringdevice'for measuring arela} tionship. be'tweenvalues of "a variable quantity susceptible to' 'variationwith time, means fQIji d 'ri'ving frqm jsaid'valriablequantity a first quantity"? v corresponding to the value of said variable quaint, tity for a first time value, means for deriving M from said variable quantity a second quantity corresponding to the value of said variable quantity for a 'second" time 1 value. and translating means responsive to said first and second quantities in accordance with a predetermined function of said first andsecond quantities. I

2. In a measuring device for measuring a relationship between values of'a variable quantity susceptible to variation with time, means for de riving from said variable quantity a first quan tity corresponding to the value ofsaid variable quantity for a firsttime interval, meansior ,de-, riving from said variable quantitya second quantity corresponding to the valneof said variable quantity for a second time interval, and trans lating means responsive to said first and second quantities, said translating means including means for representing sensibly the ratio of said first quantity to said second quantity. 7

3. In a measuring devicefor measuring a relationshipbetween values of a variable quantity susceptible to variation with time, measuring means responsive to the value of said variable quantity over a short timeinterval, measuring means responsive to the value of: said variable quantity over a long time interval, said long time interval being substantially longer than said short time interval, and translating means for arithmetically combining the outputs of said measuring means to represent sensibly a function of a predetermined relationship between said outputs.

4. In a measuring device for measuring the load factor of an electrical circuit, first means responsive to the demand of said electrical circuit over a first time interval, second means re sponsive to the demand of said electrical circuit over a second time interval, said second time interval being substantially longer than said first time interval, and third translatingmeansoperated from said first and second means, said third means including means for representing sensibly a function of the ratio of said demands to each other. 1

5. In a measuring device responsive to a variable quantity, a pair of time lagged measuring unit each responsive to said variable quantity,

said measuring units having diiierent time laggings, and translating means responsive to the outputs of said measuringunits for determining the ratio of the outputs of said time lagged meas uring units. s i

6. In a measuring device responsive to a variable quantity, a pair of time lagged measuring units each responsive to said variable quantity, said measuring units having difierent time lag gings, and translating means responsive tothe outputs of said measuring units for determining the ratio of the outputs of said time lagged measuring units, said means comprising meansjor deriving from each of said outputs a logarithmic quantity dependent on the valueef the associated output, and means for arithmetically combining said logarithmic quantities to represent sensibly said ratio. p v

V '7. In a measuring device for measuring avariable quantity, a meter, a first movable element, means for moving said first movable elementin 8. In a measuring device for measuring a var-' iable quantity, 2. meter, a first movable element, means continuously effective for moving said first movable element in accordance withoperation of said meter for a first predetermined time interval prior to any instant, a second movable element, means continuously effective for moving said second movableelement in accordance with operation of said meter for a second predetermined timeintenval prior to any instant, said predetermined times having substantially different values, and translating means responsive to the movements of said movable elements for arithmetically combining the movements of said movable elements to provide a resultant functionof the movements of said movable elements.

9. In a measuring device for, measuring a variable quantity, a meter, a first movable element, means continuously effective for moving said first movable element in accordance with operation of said meter for a first predetermined time interval prior to any instant, a second movable element, means continuously effective for moving said second movable element in accordance with operation of said meter for a second predetermined time interval prior to any instant, said predetermined times having substantially different values, and translating means responsive to the movements of said movable elements for arithmetically combining the movements of said movable elements to provide a resultant function of the movements of said movable elements, said last-named means comprising means for converting. movements of said movable elements into their respective logarithmic values, and means for arithmetically combining said logarithmic values to provide a resultant function of the movements of said movable elements.

10. In a measuring devicefor measuring a relationship between values of a variable quantity susceptible to Variation with time, means for deriving from said variable quantity a first quantity corresponding to the value of said variable quantity fora first time interval, means for deriving from said variable quantity a second quantity corresponding to the value of said variable quantity'for a second time'interval, and translatin: means responsive. to said first and second quantities, said translating means including means for producing a resultant quantity dependent on a predetermined relationship between saidquantities, said translating means comprising differential mechanism having sun wheels coupled respectively for energization in accordance with predetermined functions of said first and second quantities, saiddifierential mechaaccordance with operationof said meter'for a first predetermined time interval, ,a secondmovable element, means for moving said second n'i'ov, able element in accordance with operation or said meter for a second predetermined time interval,

and translating means responsive to the movenismincluding a planet gear which is actuated from said sun wheel inaccordance with a resultant function of said first and second quantities.

11-. In a measuring device responsive to a variablequantity, 2. pair of time lagged measuring units each responsive to said variable quantity, said measuring units having different time laggings, and: means for determining a function 01 the outputs of said time lagged measuring units, said means comprising differential mechanism having a pair of sun wheels and a planet gear operatively associated with said sun wheels, and means coupling said sun wheels for actuation respectively in accordance with predetermined functions of 'the outputs of said measuring units, whereby said planet gear is actuated in accordance with a resultant function of the outputs of said-measuring units. v

12. In a measuring device for measuring a variable quantity," a meter, a first movable element,

means continuously effectivefor moving said first movable element in accordance with operation of said meter fora first predetermined time prior to anyinstant, a second movable element, means continuously effective for vmoving said second movable element in accordance with operation of to any instant, said predetermined times having substantially different values, and-means for' arithmetically combining the movements of said" movable elements toprovide a resultant function of the movementsof said movable elements; said 1 lastnamed means comprising difierential mechsaid meter for a second predetermined time prior anism having a pair of sun wheels and a planet gear operatively associatedwith said sun wheels, logarithmic coupling means coupling each of said sun wheels to .a separate one of said movable elements for actuation in accordance with a logo arithrnic function of the movementof the; asso-.

ciated movable element,,wherebysaid planet gear 1 I is actuated in accordance with the logarith'm of a resultant function of the movements of said movable elements. l

7 "WILLIAM M. RA s Avv;- -f

n BENJAMIN i 

